tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-823365826905870802024-03-12T23:01:30.491-07:00Next Generation Ecosystem ExperimentCharacterized by vast amounts of carbon stored in permafrost and a rapidly evolving landscape, the Arctic is an important focal point for the study of climate change. These are sensitive systems, yet the mechanisms responsible for those sensitivities remain poorly understood and inadequately represented in Earth System Models. The NGEE Arctic project seeks to reduce uncertainty in climate prediction by better understanding critical land-atmosphere feedbacks in terrestrial ecosystems of Alaska.Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comBlogger222125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-46817658165080003782016-10-13T13:27:00.000-07:002016-10-13T13:27:54.764-07:00A first visit to the Anvil City Science Academy<br />
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Amy Breen<o:p></o:p></div>
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International Arctic Research Center<o:p></o:p></div>
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Alaska Climate Science Center<o:p></o:p></div>
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Scenarios Network for Alaska & Arctic Planning<o:p></o:p></div>
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University of Alaska Fairbanks<o:p></o:p><br />
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Last week, I traveled to Nome to meet with middle school
students at the Anvil City Science Academy charter school. My aim was to
establish a researcher-teacher partnership with their middle school science
teacher as part of The Arctic in the Classroom Project led by ARCUS (Arctic
Research Consortium of the United States). The Alaskan Arctic is a science-rich
region with stunning natural landscapes, ecosystems, and people. Arctic
science, however, is not always well communicated to the people that live within
the region. Their project facilitates citizen science and community-based
monitoring collaborations between students, teachers, and researchers in Arctic
communities.<i><o:p></o:p></i><br />
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<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIeV4OQeaWoEZDRjDJmSw9kHVyxOhIlY2v5-x8i45xHhlWTRIz7J6DApwdMY2ir3D2FBKfsQ2keqw0yfqc8vYmVB6mxzlH_fOn-PP2ZVG18Mi_efFyzplWeM3vB1zdZCQelb9dWFEHEDj2/s1600/Fig1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIeV4OQeaWoEZDRjDJmSw9kHVyxOhIlY2v5-x8i45xHhlWTRIz7J6DApwdMY2ir3D2FBKfsQ2keqw0yfqc8vYmVB6mxzlH_fOn-PP2ZVG18Mi_efFyzplWeM3vB1zdZCQelb9dWFEHEDj2/s400/Fig1.jpg" width="400" /></a></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nome Public High School and Middle School</td></tr>
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The school was kind enough to offer housing at the Nome
public schools for
my two-night visit. My flight arrived on Wednesday night. After taking a cab to
pick up my rental truck, I met my teacher partner Tammie Holt for the first
time. Tammie is a new teacher at the school and arrived at the end of the
summer from Colorado with her husband. She was late meeting me due to a last
minute offer of fresh caught Bering Sea crab and halibut from her neighbor that
she could not pass up, and I certainly could not fault her on that decision. She
gave me the room key and we talked about the logistics of meeting the next two days
with her students. I slept surprisingly well in the single dorm style
accommodations.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Our plan for the visit was to introduce myself, my background,
and research interests on the first day, and then to do a field trip with the
students the following day. The field trip was work that I would have otherwise
done independently to collect seed from several tall shrub species for an
experiment to begin during the 2017 growing season. The NGEE Arctic Shrub Team
will stratify the seed, germinate it in the greenhouse this spring, and then
outplant seedlings into the field on the Seward Peninsula. We will set up two
experiments to test: 1) whether tall shrubs can survive beyond the northern
limit of shrubline in the Arctic with supplemental warming, and 2) whether
shrubs survive best in undisturbed tundra or tundra disturbed by wildfire in
different age fire scars. Our expectation is the shrubs will have higher survivorship
in the warmed and disturbed settings, showing that temperature limits shrub
distributions and that wildfire disturbance facilitates shrubification.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Student collecting seed from an alder shrub</td></tr>
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The first morning, I met with two separate science classes
that each convened for 50 minutes. We began with introductions from all of the
students which included their sharing of what they enjoy most about science. I
told them my story of how I became a scientist and we talked about different options
to work as a scientist in the Arctic. I shared a set of slides mostly comprised
of photos to provide a glimpse of the work that I do teaching an Arctic field
course and as a field biologist, leaving time at the end for more of a Q &
A with the students where they could ask me questions. I got several great
questions such as, “How long was I in school to become a researcher?” and
“Where do I see myself in 5 years? Will I still be doing the same sort of
work?”<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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My cleverest moment of the discussion was when I remembered
the 2015 film, “The Martian,” (and book by Andy Weir) in which the main
character is not only an astronaut, but also a botanist and engineer, who is
inadvertently left behind during a Mars mission and has to grow his own food to
survive. It was a great illustration of why studying plants, or botany, is a
worthy career track for a scientist – including a reference to the more applied
work of agriculturists. I also made the analogy of the character being a field
biologist, although rather than studying earth system science, his field site
was on Mars. We then became engaged in a lively discussion about whether
astronauts will actually travel to Mars in our lifetime. There were several
students that were quite adamant there is a high probability that the first
human will step on Mars in the next twenty years. Although we were not
specifically talking about Arctic science, it was still great to be able to
reference a botanist as the main character in a high profile Hollywood movie.
Interestingly, <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/10/11/opinions/america-will-take-giant-leap-to-mars-barack-obama/">President
Obama set a goal to send humans to Mars by the 2030s, and return them safely to
Earth</a>, just a few days later.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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That afternoon, I scouted the area around the Nome High
School and Middle School for a good place for the field trip. We were limited
to within one mile of the school because the students would be on foot. The
only tall shrub population I found within that restriction was Siberian Alder.
The distance from the school to the collection site was just right at the
one-mile limit on a maze of 4-wheel drive dirt roads toward Anvil
Mountain. I was fearful we would lose a
student on the approach so I set out to mark the route as I would for a running
or biking race – with orange flagging and spray paint arrows on the road
surface.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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The next morning both classes (40 students) met together for
the field trip so that we would have almost 2 hours to travel by foot to the
field site and make our seed collections. I brought in alder twigs to show the
students the plant in its winter state after its leaves had dropped. Alder is a large shrub up to 2 m tall in the
tundra. The flowers are borne on catkins
and the female catkins mature in late fall in clusters of 3-10 that resemble
small pinecones. We reviewed the methods
by which I wanted students to collect the seed.
In short, each student was to collect 10-15 catkins per plant from a
unique individual. The catkins were to
be stored in paper lunch sacks and labeled appropriately. If nothing else, I
wanted the students to learn the importance of detailed labels in the field and
lab. I showed the students how to fold the bags to assure the seeds were
contained and to affix the end of the bag with a piece of masking tape. We did a quick head count and we were off.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking back at the group of 40 students from the front of the classroom.</td></tr>
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I led the parade of students from the school to the
collection site. Mrs. Holt followed behind in her vehicle as a safety
precaution. Little did I know, many of
the students ran cross-country and the roads I had chosen to follow were well
known from their after school practice.
Before I knew it, students were running ahead following the marked
course. I started running with them as well, as I didn’t want the crowd to get
too far ahead. I may or may not have impressed the students with my scientific
pursuits, but I did impress several with my running ability. I am pretty sure
they expected to drop me within the first quarter mile.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Students traveling to the field site on foot.</td></tr>
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Once we got to the alder population I had chosen, I had the
group in the front wait while I ran back to gather the line of students
stretched out as they were walking at different paces behind the lead
group. It was great to have Mrs. Holt in
the car as sweep to assure we did not lose any students along the way. She also did a head count before and after we
made our collections.<i><o:p></o:p></i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mrs. Holt in the sweep car.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This is what happens when you give your camera to the students to take photos.</td></tr>
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We had asked a pair of students to carry our field supplies,
so when they arrived we were set to make our seed collections. I stressed again
for each student to collect from a single unique shrub. The flurry of activity
began with students disappearing into the alder thicket that paralleled a
nearby creek. I was pleased to see most
of the students labeling their collections well and folding their bags neatly. After about 20 minutes, they each deposited
their collection back into the field bag and we made the return trip to the
school. <i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Amy handing out paper bags to the students.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Student labeling her seed collection.</td></tr>
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Once back in the classroom, Mrs. Holt led a discussion about
what they had learned on their field trip.
She asked several great questions about alder (e.g., is alder deciduous
or evergreen?) that brought the science home at the middle school level.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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That afternoon, I went out to the Kougarok field site to
make additional seed collections from two shrub birch species and two willow
species. Winter will soon arrive on the
Seward Peninsula making travel to the field site difficult once the snow begins
to fall. The road is not maintained in
the winter months for travel by car, although it is open to snowmachine, dog
team, cross-country skiing, and other assorted activities. My collection of
seed from the other shrub species was a success and it was a pleasant return
drive to Nome. I departed for home on
the evening flight.<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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-Amy Breen<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Road sign erected in the winter months to warn travelers that the Kougarok Road is not plowed or maintained.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The top of the hillslope at the Kougarok field site showing one of our intensive stations with plots marked with wooden stakes and a weather station.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cabins along the Pilgrim River on the return drive from the field site. There are still some fall colors among the tundra plants.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Looking back at Salmon Lake as the sun sets.</td></tr>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-1954114345459412532016-08-08T07:17:00.000-07:002016-08-08T07:17:32.085-07:00No Regrets…Well, Maybe One<br />
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The last three weeks have been a great time as more then 25 participants in the NGEE Arctic project conducted research at sites near Nome, AK. Everyone had a well-defined plan before coming to Alaska and executed those plans efficiently and safely. From my perspective this was a win-win situation.<br />
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One regret, however is that I did not get to work with the geophysics team from LBNL. This included John, Baptiste, Craig, Florian, and Emmanuel. I have worked with this group before both on the North Slope of Alaska and the Seward Peninsula. And it is a treat to say the least. They are a hard-working, talkative group of researchers who truly love their science and a good challenge.<br />
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This week that challenge was several ERT, seismic, EM, and GPR transects that easily totaled more than 5000 meters in length. The datasets that this team collected will be critical as we begin to characterize the subsurface environment of our sites, as well better understand the interactions between permafrost and bedrock and relationships to surface and groundwater hydrology. The hydrology aspects of this are being handled by Brent, Jeff, Cathy, Carli, Lauren, and Bob, colleagues at LANL and UAF. Together this is a strong team.<br />
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If you happened to be in Nome the past couple of weeks perhaps you saw their “geophysics” truck…it was easy to tell they were proud of their science!<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-43772177217651229952016-08-08T06:58:00.000-07:002016-08-08T06:58:02.248-07:00Energy Balance of Tundra Landscapes<br />
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While the NGEE Arctic project has been interested in the energy balance of high-latitude ecosystems for several years, those measurements have focused on our site near Barrow, AK. We have used a suite of sensors to characterize energy-related processes across ice-wedge polygons and drained thaw lake basins. We have also deployed an instrument package on an automated cart that rides along a 65-m tram that collects data every three hours throughout the season. These systems are the product of our colleagues at LBNL and BNL.<br />
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This week Margaret, Bryan, Ori, and Sigrid – all from LBNL – were keen to deploy the portable system at sites near Council, AK on the Seward Peninsula. The suite of instruments included sensors for measuring short- and longwave radiation, incoming and reflected PAR, surface temperature, albedo, PRI, and NDVI. A camera could also be activated to take pictures of vegetation in each of the plots. The system was carried across the tundra and deployed at plots where we characterized community composition. This way we can interpret components of the energy balance and relate those to specific vegetation types. This will ensure that ecotypes are properly parameterized for use in our NGEE Arctic models.<br />
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Tasks were divided among the team; Ori prepared stakes for marking plots and she and Margaret picked representative 2.5 x 2.5 m plots along a transect and determined community composition. The transect crossed tussock tundra, several thermokarst features, and then two drained thaw lakes. Once plots were selected, Bryan and Sigrid walked from plot to plot with the sensors and made measurements as they went. A measurement would take 5 minutes with the greatest investment of time and energy spent walking between plots. We repeated measurements over a period of 4 to 5 days. Ancillary data on thaw depth, soil temperature, and soil water content were also recorded at each plot. Our team had the opportunity to sample across a range of weather conditions; sunny days and rainy days.<br />
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It was a great week for deploying the energy balance system, looking at data, talking among our NGEE Arctic colleagues, and envisioning how we could improve the system in the coming months. Right now we are happy with the results and how they will inform models, especially models that explicitly represent vegetation dynamics including shrub expansion in tundra ecosystems.<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-27596334393949878432016-08-05T05:50:00.000-07:002016-08-05T05:50:47.439-07:00International Collaboration...Meet and Greet on the Tundra<br />
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The NGEE Arctic project is keen to collaborate with scientific partners from around the world. This makes sense for any number of reasons, but especially as it relates to our ultimate goal of improving pan-Arctic simulations of ecosystem-climate feedbacks. We need to work closely with others to make this happen.<br />
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Scientists from the Arctic Research Center, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) have an active interest in the Arctic with research sites in Cambridge Bay, Canada; Zackenberg, Greenland; and Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. Interestingly, they also have a research site on the Seward Peninsula not far from our field site near Council, AK. We have met with representatives of KOPRI in the past and prior to this field campaign had coordinated with them to share information and possibly conduct a few measurements at their site.<br />
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Yoo Kyung Lee and Youngwook Kim arrived at our site after a 2 hour drive from Nome and Margaret (LBNL) spoke briefly with them about conducting a geophysical transect near their field site, along with plot-scale measurements of energy balance and NDVI. Sebastien (LBNL) had flown his UAS equipped with an optical camera over the KOPRI site several days ago, so we already had (once processed) a high-resolution digital elevation map (DEM) for them.<br />
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Although we have just a few days left before everyone departs, we will be able to undertake the measurements in the next two days. Once completed, we can share the data and then discuss other ways in which we can collaborate in the future. We look forward to the interaction and welcome collaboration with other international partners!<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-73575924873973040172016-08-05T05:31:00.000-07:002016-08-05T05:51:30.496-07:00Science Takes Flight on the Tundra<br />
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Every field trip to Alaska brings with it recognition
that scientists working on the NGEE Arctic project are both curious and
innovative. Curiosity is certainly one of the hallmarks of the scientific
process. Innovation is also a distinguishing feature of science, especially in
areas where emerging technology can be used to gain new insights into ecosystem
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This week Sebastien Biraud from Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory joined us on the Seward Peninsula to acquire
high-resolution aerial imagery of our field sites using an Unmanned Aerial
System or UAS. Sebastien works primarily with the AmeriFlux program. In that
capacity he has instrumented a quad-copter with an optical camera and with
sensors that enable other properties of the landscape to be quickly and
efficiently captured.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sebastien kindly agreed to join us for this trip and has
secured all the necessary FAA permits and approvals to fly his UAS in Alaska.
These flights were intended to evaluate capabilities of the aerial platform and
to preliminarily characterize several of our field sites. The quad-copter was
surprisingly quiet and fast, taking a complete set of measurements for our site
in less than 15 to 20 minutes. It passed overhead with nothing more than a
“hum” as it went about collecting data.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sebastien has agreed to give one of our monthly NGEE
Arctic Science Talks and update the team on his results and thoughts on future
collaboration. The data products derived from the UAS flights should be
interesting and applicable to our goals and objectives as we characterize sites
on the Seward Peninsula and “upscale” our field data to larger and larger
areas. This will be important as we continue to represent insights gained from
our field studies in Earth System Models.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-20193562974190990672016-08-04T05:54:00.000-07:002016-08-04T05:54:28.437-07:00Trace Gas Emissions on the Tundra<br />
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Greenhouse gas emissions, including the flux of CO<sub>2</sub>
and CH<sub>4</sub> from terrestrial ecosystems, provide an important land-atmosphere
feedback to climate. As such, the NGEE Arctic project has several tasks that target
a mechanistic understanding of the processes that control the carbon cycle.
This applies not only to our field and laboratory studies, but also to our
modeling where it is critical to properly represent the timing, rate, and
magnitude of CO<sub>2 </sub>and CH<sub>4</sub> flux from plants, soils, and
ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></div>
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This week Ori (LBNL) and others are busy measuring trace gas
flux at locations across the landscape at our field site near Council, AK. You
may remember Ori from her work in Barrow where she has been helping with our
measurements since 2014. Using similar techniques as those perfected at Barrow,
Ori is working this week to deploy a network of chambers that will allow our
team to determine how the flux of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> varies in
tussock tundra and in areas where permafrost thaw and thermokarst formation are
underway. Ori has installed PVC bases into the soil at dozens of locations
across the field site. She is using a portable gas analysis system from Los Gatos
Research to measure flux rates by first placing a clear or opaque chamber on
the PVC bases. An air-tight seal ensures that both the increase and decrease of
CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> concentration can be measured, from which rates
of ecosystem gas exchange can be estimated.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Field-scale measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>
flux will be important for quantifying whether tundra ecosystems are a source
or sink for carbon. More importantly these data, and the knowledge derived from
them, will guide more mechanistic studies under controlled conditions in the
laboratory and validate how those mechanisms are represented in models. The
results that Ori and others gain this week will also help us prepare for more
intensive measurements next year.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-24663932371159154812016-08-01T08:30:00.000-07:002016-08-01T08:30:45.371-07:00Digging Deeper<br />
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The NGEE Arctic project is interested in plant and soil processes. Not only does this include a focus on the biogeochemical mechanisms that lead to CO2 and CH4 emissions from tundra landscapes, but also on the structure and function of plant roots. Colleen (ORNL), who is one of our Phase 2 task leaders, understands the importance of roots and has made it a central theme for our research on the Seward Peninsula.<br />
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Today Colleen, Joanne, Verity, Eugenie, Holly, Mark, and Peter joined forces to collect soil cores and selectively excavate roots from several plants growing at our field site. Soil cores were taken using a battery-powered drill equipped with a specially-designed coring device. Using this technique Colleen was able to collect soil cores up to 35 cm in length in just a few minutes. Once cores were extracted from the barrel it was easy to see the different soil layers including green moss, organic-rich regions that contained most of the roots, and then mineral soil. These are placed in plastic bags, frozen, and shipped back to Colleen’s laboratory for analysis.<br />
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Verity, a post-doctoral research associate working on the project, also wanted to collect roots from plants in the field. This is a tedious process in which roots attached near the base of a specific plant had to be excavated and then traced out into the soil. In this way roots of various sizes and “root order” could be collected. Verity attacked this task with enthusiasm. It turned out that Peter was also particularly talented at tracing roots and helped Verity and Joanne collect a large number of roots. Although Peter has a background in field research, most of our colleagues know him for his work with Earth System Models. This week he traded high-performance super computers for helping us in the field; and apparently Peter enjoyed getting first-hand knowledge about how data on root structure and function were obtained for use in global climate models. We were glad to have him as part of the field team!<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-55149982911789825212016-07-28T07:25:00.000-07:002016-07-28T07:27:48.032-07:00Keeping track of tundra shrubs<br />
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Many scientists have reported on the “greening of the Arctic” and speculated that this might be due to increased productivity of existing shrubs, expansion of shrubs in places they already exist, and then the movement or migration of shrubs onto previously shrub-free tundra. A greening of the Arctic has important consequences to the biophysical feedbacks between the land surface and atmosphere.<br />
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One of the critical objectives in NGEE Arctic is in knowing more about what controls shrub distribution in tundra ecosystems. Our first step in tackling this challenge lies in characterizing field sites on the Seward Peninsula for shrub abundance and then working to understand how shrub dynamics vary by landscape position and as influenced by soil water content, active layer thickness, etc.<br />
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Today, Mark, Peter, and I began measuring shrub abundance along several 800 to 2200 meter transects established earlier in the year at our field site outside Nome. This involved identifying specific points along those transects and measuring the distance to the closest “tall” shrub in each of four quadrants. We focused on several Salix, Betula, and Alnus species. It was a somewhat tedious process of not only measuring the distance to the nearest shrub, but also using digital calipers to measure stem diameters for anywhere from one to several dozen stems per plant. The alders, in particular, and sometimes the larger Salix, were time-consuming to measure since each shrub might consist of up to 18 stems.<br />
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Regardless of the difficulty in making these measurements they are important data to collect and central to several of the major questions being addressed by NGEE Arctic. We will couple this information with data on plant traits, soil temperature, and soil moisture. Insights gained will help improve our description of vegetation dynamics, specifically shrubs, in computer models.<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-10722710593258523492016-07-26T08:05:00.000-07:002016-07-26T08:06:34.092-07:00Hydrology and Geochemistry at Teller Field Site<br />
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Members of the NGEE Arctic team from Los Alamos National Laboratory have played a major role in areas of hydrology and geochemistry. Their expertise, both in the field and laboratory, is complemented by others at UAF and ORNL. As a result we have gotten off to a quick start with research at our Teller field site beginning this winter with snow ablation and snowmelt measurements, and surface and pore water sampling earlier this spring.<br />
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This week Brent, Jeff, Carli, and Lauren are working at the Teller field site to collect additional surface and pore water samples. This site has an interesting pattern of surface and subsurface hydrology due, we believe, to the interaction between permafrost and bedrock. We are investigating these patterns by analyzing water samples for geochemistry. A range of anions and cations present in the samples can be analyzed quite precisely, along with measurements of the isotopic composition of water and its constituents.<br />
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Today LANL researchers transported and installed three Teledyne Isco portable water samplers at the field site. Transporting the samplers to the field was the first challenge. Although the loads were bulky, thankfully they were light. Once they were strapped to a backpack frame they could be carried to the field and deployed along a stream that runs the length of the watershed. Isco samplers, powered by 12-volt marine batteries, automatically collect water samples over time. Collection amounts and timing of sampling can be programmed via a keypad and controller. Scientists will revisit the samplers throughout the summer, taking water samples back to their home institutions for analysis.<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-20883355090021489372016-07-25T06:14:00.000-07:002016-07-25T06:14:29.920-07:00Team Members Begin to Arrive in Nome…<br />
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A lot of people are committed to the success of the NGEE
Arctic project. And thankfully, many of them have traveled to Alaska. Some
come to conduct research in the field, while others collect samples for
analysis back in laboratories at their home institution. Still others come to
get a better sense of how multi-scale models should be developed,
parameterized, and evaluated using knowledge generated by their colleagues. So,
whenever we have large field campaigns, like we are having now, it is
especially enjoyable to see members of the NGEE Arctic project from all over
the country begin to arrive.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Brent, Jeff, and Carli arrived from Los Alamos National
Laboratory. Brent and Jeff have been associated with the project since our
beginning and contribute in areas of hydrology and geochemistry. Carli is a
post-doctoral research associate and is new to the project; she will assist
with installation of equipment and initial collection of surface- and
pore-water samples. Lauren, a post-baccalaureate student, will join us in a few
days.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Alistair and Shawn from Brookhaven National Laboratory have
also arrived. Both have extensive experience working at our field site in
Barrow and will spend the next week in Nome conducting leaf gas-exchange and
spectral signature measurements on a variety of tundra plants. Mark is
completing his post-doctoral research at the University of Alaska Fairbanks and
will soon be moving to the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. He has
undertaken some exciting analyses of landscape features on the Barrow Peninsula
and estimated their contribution to greenhouse gas production. Mark is a creative
scientist and we hope that he will continue to work with us once he gets
settled into his new position.<o:p></o:p><br />
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Peter from Oak Ridge National Laboratory arrived last night,
along with Eugenie from UAF. Both Peter and Eugenie are terrestrial ecosystem
modelers who work at a range of scales, including the regional and global
scale. They each also have conducted field research and know the value of
collecting quality data for use in model development and parameterization. It
is great to have them join us in the field as they benefit from, and contribute
to, many stimulating discussions that happen in the field.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Several additional colleagues from ORNL also arrived last
evening – Colleen, Joanne, and Verity. Colleen leads a Phase 2 task on plant
traits. We are looking at shoot and root structure-function relationships and
exploring whether this area of research can be used to inform models. The
utility of plant traits in modeling is being championed by our sponsor at the
DOE and we, along with our sister project NGEE Tropics, are keen to test ideas
using field data from our respective field studies. Colleen and Joanne will be
busy keeping us organized and on task this week. Amy (UAF) and Holly (ORNL, not
pictured) have been in Nome for a week completing community composition
assessments. We are fortunate to have Amy on the project as she brings a wealth
of knowledge on arctic and boreal vegetation. Finally, Verity just finished her
PhD dissertation at the University of Florida last Friday. She will join Colleen
at ORNL as a post-doctoral research associate in another month or two.
Congratulations Verity on receiving her PhD and welcome to the project!<o:p></o:p></div>
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Others will be joining us in the next few days. I’ll be sure
to mention them in the coming week, along with the scientific and technical
expertise they bring to the NGEE Arctic project.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-8485251621415960282016-07-25T05:31:00.000-07:002016-07-25T05:32:11.714-07:00Facilities in Nome…<br />
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Members of the NGEE Arctic team, or at least those who
conduct field research in Alaska, are finding themselves increasingly
comfortable living and working in the vicinity of Nome. While it is not a large
town – 3,500 people – it nonetheless has resources that make our stay
comfortable, efficient, and safe. These come in the form of grocery stores,
hardware stores, hotels and B&B’s, restaurants, a regional hospital, a community
recreation center, and the UAF Northwest Campus.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Business owners and local citizens are friendly and go out
of their way to answer our many questions. Just this morning in response to
asking about the different kinds of fish that occupy area streams and rivers I
was given a “Fishing Guide”. The guide provides a river-by-river description of
fish found in the region and, more specifically, along the Teller, Kougarok, and
Council roads; Chinook, pink (humpies), chum, Sockeye, and Coho salmon; Arctic grayling, Dolly Varden, and Northern Pike. Now if we only had the time and,
more importantly, the energy to fish or join a pickup game of basketball at the
recreation center after long days in the field! Such is the life of a field
scientist.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-3095083786413128372016-07-22T09:58:00.002-07:002016-07-22T09:58:59.201-07:00Flight into Nome via Kotzebue<div class="MsoNormal">
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Yesterday was a busy day with flights from Knoxville to
Chicago to Anchorage, and then to the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska. Normally I stop in Anchorage for a night to stock up on supplies, but given that
the NGEE Arctic team is well equipped I flew straight through to Nome. I had
forgotten that flights from Anchorage to Nome include a short stop in Kotzebue
(<a href="http://www.cityofkotzebue.com/">http://www.cityofkotzebue.com/</a>),
which is several hundred miles north of Nome. Kotzebue has a population of over
3,000 people and serves as a regional supply hub for 10 satellite villages in
the Northwest Arctic Borough and one in the North Slope Borough. We visited
Kotzebue in 2012 and enjoyed the area, especially our visit to the Northwest
Arctic Heritage Center operated by the National Park Service (<a href="https://www.nps.gov/noat/learn/news/nwahc.htm">https://www.nps.gov/noat/learn/news/nwahc.htm</a>).<o:p></o:p></div>
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The flight from Kotzebue to Nome was short, less than an
hour. Flying into Nome provided an opportunity to see some of the surrounding
tundra and, in fact, the city itself. The weather in Nome has been cloudy with
a few rain showers, but should be sunny and clear by the first of next week. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Although Amy (UAF) and Holly (ORNL) have been in Nome
working for three or four days, most members of our team begin arriving
tonight. We will welcome several dozen NGEE Arctic students, staff, and faculty
in the coming week so there will be a lot of activities on which to report. Later
today as I travel around town I’ll be sure to take a few pictures and include
those in a post this weekend.<o:p></o:p></div>
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- Stan Wullschleger<o:p></o:p></div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-13825215363949977992016-07-22T08:33:00.000-07:002016-07-22T08:33:18.560-07:00Let the Field Research Campaign Begin!<div class="MsoNormal">
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The NGEE Arctic project (<a href="http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/">http://ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/</a>) has
enjoyed five successful field seasons working at our research site near Barrow,
Alaska. This year – thanks to the hard work of many people – we begin a new
chapter in our efforts to integrate field and laboratory studies in support of
advancing climate model development for the Arctic. Our team is expanding to
include field sites outside Nome on the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska.<o:p></o:p></div>
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While this is certainly not our first trip to Nome, it will
be our largest. Several dozen of our scientists, students, and staff will travel
to the area throughout the next few weeks. Our team will conduct a broad range
of integrated research activities at an intensive field site along the Teller
Road. We are thankful to the Sitnasuak Native Corporation for making this land
available for our use. Other native corporations are being engaged to also identify
field sites along the Kougarok and Council roads.<br />
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The NGEE Arctic team will, working first at the Teller site,
use an array of geophysical approaches to establish interactions between permafrost
and bedrock, and to examine the consequences of those interactions to watershed
hydrology. Complementary studies of vegetation, biogeochemistry, and energy
balance will help inform our understanding of Arctic tundra and provide
insights for developing multi-scale numerical models for inclusion into climate
models. Our goal is to better understand the fate of frozen soil organic matter
(i.e., the permafrost carbon cycle) in a warming climate and incorporate
critical feedbacks into models. We were fortunate to begin collecting initial datasets
last year and will continue to expand on those with increasingly detailed field
and modeling investigations of the Teller Road watershed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The next three weeks will be a productive time for our team.
Our planning has laid a foundation that we will continue to build upon,
ensuring that our interdisciplinary science delivers on expectations and does
so in a safe and efficient manner. We are thankful that while working thousands
of miles away from our home institutions can be challenging, our team has the
support and cooperation of people and facilities like Bob, Gretchen, Claudia,
and others at the UAF Northwest Campus in Nome.</div>
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While the next few weeks will be busy ones, I’ll do my best
to provide periodic updates on the science being conducted by our team and how those
research results and acquired knowledge is incorporated into models, including global-scale
Earth System Models.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-20123609373304512102016-04-25T08:44:00.002-07:002016-04-25T08:44:54.231-07:00Tundra Tram – Up and Running<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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Field research for the NGEE Arctic team is off to an early
start. There have been, and currently are, team members conducting snow surveys
at our field sites on the Seward Peninsula. And there have been plenty of
preparations for field studies on the North Slope as well. This week, Bryan
Curtis (LBNL) and I travelled to Barrow for a number of activities; foremost
among them was the reinstallation of the tram on the Barrow Environmental
Observatory (BEO). We had disassembled the tram last fall and moved all the
infrastructure and cart to storage facilities. This was done for several
reasons, one being to remove the physical infrastructure from the field so that
it did not pose a safety risk to local people who might traverse the BEO using
snow machines during the winter. Another was to continue to upgrade the suite
of sensors on the cart which required it to be shipped back to LBNL.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Our first task in Barrow was to transport all the uprights
and supporting rails from storage to the field site several kilometers away.
This was done by loading the materials onto wooden sleds and then transporting
everything to the field using snow machines. Although much of the tram is
constructed of aluminum, it is still heavy and required multiple trips to and
from the field before everything was in place. It was cold with high winds in
the afternoon. However, the weather cooperated and we had plenty of daylight
for moving materials to the field.</div>
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<br /></div>
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When Bryan and I were not transporting materials to the
field, the sensor cart was assembled and all components were tested including
sensors, data logger, and control programs. This required several days of
effort but no surprises due to careful planning by Bryan and others at LBNL.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Once everything was in the field it was just a matter of
getting everything installed. The system was designed for ease of installation
and thanks to the carefully planning by a number of people, including systems
engineer Keith Lewin at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the uprights and raised
rails were up, leveled, and ready for testing with only two days of effort.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The cart was the last thing to be transported to the field,
and it too was easy to install. Once all the sensors had been connected the
system was ready for testing. Everything worked perfectly! The cart made its
maiden 2016 trip down the rails on April 20, collecting data every 0.5 meter
along the 65-meter length of the tram.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Bryan will be keeping an eye on the system as he, and Sigrid
Dengel (LBNL) now turn their attention to getting the eddy covariance system up
and running. John Peterson and Emmanuel Legger, both from LBNL, will also be
joining Bryan and Sigrid for a few days in order to reinstall the geophysics
(ERT) array and take a few permafrost cores for physical characterization.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was a great trip – thanks!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-9292721501785187722016-04-12T12:38:00.001-07:002016-04-12T12:38:45.157-07:00Erector Set...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Bob Busey, Cathy Wilson and Lily Cohen finished up the
catchment-wide snow surveys on Friday and Saturday under mostly sunny skies and
began preparation for our final task of the trip. The challenge was to
construct two mobile snowmelt stations at the NGEE Teller site using the
fewest, lightest, shortest, easiest to assemble, pieces of observation equipment,
tower infrastructure, hardware and tools. It all needed to fit in the 5ft x 2ft
x 2ft belly pod and back seat of a helicopter, and take a day and half to
construct and test. Thanks to Bob Busey’s creativity and careful preparation in
Fairbanks, we landed at the field site on Saturday with our artfully compact
load and got to work building the stations.<br />
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One of the novel aspects of the station design was the use
of survey tripods as the foundation of the infrastructure. These are easy to carry
and set up in any terrain. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bob designed
to stations to mount on top of the tripods with unistrut and interlocking,
lightweight aluminum poles. The snow sensor, temperature and relative humidity
sensor, net radiometer, game cameras and data logger boxes were then mounted
off of this simple scaffold.<br />
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While Bob and Lily constructed the tower infrastructure, I dug
a pit in a snowdrift banked against a shrub thicket to install Bob’s new snow
temperature profiler. The profiler has thermistors spaced every 4 centimeters
along a wooden rod that has approximately the same thermal conductivity as
snow. When inserted upright into the face of a pit, it continuously measures
the temperature of snow from the ground surface up through the snow pack to the
top of the ~90cm tall unit. We will use the instrument to assess changes in
thermal conductivity in the snow pack as a function of depth and time during
snowmelt. After installing and burying the profiler, and running its cables
through a trench to the snowmelt station pit, I assisted Lily as she built the
“yellow” snowmelt station in the shrub drift, while Bob completed the “blue”
runoff observation snowmelt station overlooking the creek.<br />
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On Sunday we put the finishing touches on both stations and
deployed two pressure transducers in the creek that was already flowing due to
the unusually warm early spring temperatures. In fact, areas of shallower snow
pack including the “blue” snowmelt station site were shrinking fast, leaving
large patches of bare ground that had been snow covered two days earlier.<br />
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By Sunday afternoon we were packed up and ready to leave the
site. Cathy got one more look at the two completed stations as she ferried the
first load of empty action packers and tools back to Nome. She also spotted one
of the first grizzlies of the season just a few miles North of the airport.
Sunday night was spent reorganizing gear for the snow survey in Barrow this
week, and snowmelt survey back at Teller next week.<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-55527224985116710952016-04-11T06:39:00.001-07:002016-04-11T06:39:57.166-07:00Fair Weather...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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We couldn’t ask for two more perfect days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With brilliant warm sunny days we collected
nearly a thousand snow depth measurements at intensive sites and along
transects that cross the Teller NGEE watershed. As we climbed out of the site
in the helicopter at 8pm, we could see the faint tracks of the tens of
thousands of footsteps along remarkably straight survey lines that form the
Teller snow grid. </div>
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Every ten meters along kilometers of transects we collected
snow depth measurements in order to quantify the spatial patterns of snow
distribution in relation to vegetation type, slope, aspect, topography and
elevation. For each transect Bob and Cathy set up a directional bearing using
hand held gps, Lily Cohen (UAF) paced off distance using a three-meter-long
avalanche probe, Cathy measured snow depth with a thaw probe and Bob Busey collected
high resolution position data with the Trimble differential GPS rover. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>Given the depth and density of the snow pack we adjusted our
snow density measurement goal from 40 sites to 10, and noticed that within just
two warm days the snowpack had gotten significantly more “rotten” and wet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the mornings water in the snow pack froze
into icy layers that were difficult to penetrate with the snowpack density tube,
but by the afternoon the snow was so soft we struggled to stay upright,
expending significant effort extracting ourselves from thigh deep postholes,
even though we wore snowshoes or skis. On Saturday we will install two
temporary mini-meteorology stations to track changes in the snow pack and
radiation balance in anticipation of snowmelt, which will start soon if
temperatures continue to stay warm.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-68429541791156015582016-04-07T06:42:00.001-07:002016-04-11T06:28:25.694-07:00In Deep...<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The trip was on. We received permission last week to land
the helicopter at the NGEE Teller and Council sites for snow surveys and the
helicopter and pilot were lined up, approved, and ready to fly. Bob Bolton, Bob
Busey and I were greeted by our Nome logistics helper, Crystal Anderson-Booth, who
helped gather and deliver the many action packers full of gear needed for our
work. We spent Sunday organizing and testing equipment, including the new
commercial SP2 digital snow hardness probe and Bob Busey’s prototype laser snow
probe. We packed our survival bags with food for 3 days, sleeping bags, tents
and other essentials that would be required if we were stranded in the field, a
long shot.</div>
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On Monday morning we dropped our gear to be weighed and
loaded on the helicopter, then waited until noon for freezing rain to clear so
the helicopter could fly without danger of icing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Using the great geopdf maps created by Lauren
Charsley-Groffman and Garrett Altmann, we guided the pilot to the watershed and
positioned ourselves at the first of 39 snow survey sites. We offloaded a belly
pod and cabin full of gear, made another round trip for more gear, and then got
to work. </div>
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The first task on our list was to test out the new SP2
probe. Bob Bolton and I were having trouble getting it through an icy layer in
the snowpack, so Bob Busey offered to show us how to use our “inner chi” to smoothly
insert the probe. He described the process of centering oneself, then demonstrated
the proper stance and with great ease inserted the probe to its maximum depth.
Shortly after the probe completed its data cycle, he extracted it from the snow.
We were quite impressed! Until I noticed the lower third of the probed was
missing and thin broken wires that were hanging out of the end.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So much for Bob’s Chi, and the new SP2…</div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">…While
Bob Busey skied off with the DGPS to survey snow surface elevation, Bob Bolton
and I began the snow depth and snow water equivalent survey using standard
instruments. With the first snow depth transect we knew we were IN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>DEEP. Vladimir had reported a 20- 50cm snow
pack at Pilgrim Hot Springs, but the snow depth at our first Teller site was
1.5m, which required shoulder deep (literally) pits (10 per site) for each of the
snow density measurements. </span></div>
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Luckily, our next two sites had somewhat shallower and less
dense snow. We noticed that the snow was particularly light, loose and sugary
in the shrub thickets within the channel. Unfortunately we only managed to
complete 2.5 sites on our first afternoon in the field, far short of the 4
sites per half day that we expected to accomplish. </div>
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Tuesday we woke to brilliant clear skis and were out at the
field site by 9am. The plan was to work our way downhill across our survey
grid. The pilot dropped me at the ridge with a load of equipment and as the
helicopter took off to shuttle the Bobs to the top, I was stunned by the
otherworldly beauty of the landscape and the perfect weather conditions. </div>
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While Bob Busey set up the second GPS base station, Bob
Bolton and I completed the suite of snow measurements at 2 more sites. As we
made our way over to the third location we noticed a thin fog bank moving in our
direction, and alerted the pilot in Nome of the change in the weather. Within
the hour, the fog was upon us, and Bob Busey said it was time to leave the
field because helicopters can’t land if they can’t see the ground. We didn’t
want to get stranded, so we implemented our safety protocol which included a satellite
tracker text message of our coordinates to the pilot, pilot confirmation that
he was on his way, stowing non-essential gear in action packers to be left behind,
collecting survival packs, turning on Cathy’s satellite telephone and hunkering
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Before long we heard the helicopter’s approach… then it was
right overhead, but we couldn’t see it … then it flew off into the distance and
was gone. At that point the second part of the safety plan kicked into gear.
The pilot called to tell us where he landed and we set off to meet him at a new
rendezvous point. As we moved off the ridge to meet the pilot, we were immersed
in the increased complexity of working at a somewhat more remote field site
than Barrow. But we were grateful to be well prepared for an emergency, and that
Bob Busey was experienced in assessing the weather condition before it was too
late to evacuate. Our caution made the difference between sleeping at the
Dredge7 last night or being stuck in a cold tent on a hillside for 2 days. We
woke up this morning to hot coffee and grounded aircraft due to freezing fog.
It’s 4pm and still no take off or landing.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-72751843593194083822016-01-21T06:41:00.004-08:002016-01-21T06:41:41.980-08:00NASA ABoVE Hosts Second Science Team Meeting in Anchorage<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Members of the NASA-sponsored Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability
Experiment (ABoVE) travelled this week to Anchorage, Alaska to host the second
of its Science Team meetings. ABoVE (<a href="http://above.nasa.gov/">http://above.nasa.gov/</a>)
is a large-scale study of environmental change and its implications for
social-ecological systems. It selected 21 projects last fall with a diversity
of field, remote sensing, and modeling studies slated to begin this year in
Alaska and western Canada.</div>
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NGEE Arctic is a core project in the ABoVE field campaign.
Last November, at their first Science Team meeting in Minnesota, there was
great interaction among the project participants. Working groups were formed to
ensure integration across the various projects. NGEE Arctic is contributing to
several working groups including the Hydrology and Permafrost Working Group led
by John Kimball. We are currently in the process of developing an
implementation plan that describes how the various field activities will be coordinated
to achieve goals of the ABoVE project. This involves discussions of field sites,
measurements to be taken, modeling activities, and data sets and derived-products
to be developed. The NGEE Arctic project is quite interested in helping to
define the airborne remote sensing needs of ABoVE as our project needs these
products in order to effectively implement our scaling strategy for global
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While the meeting in Minnesota was to coordinate PIs funded
through ABoVE, the Science Team meeting in Anchorage is designed to bring
together the many stakeholders in Alaska and Canada who share a common interest
in climate change, ecosystem services, resource management, and interactions
between social and ecological systems. We have heard a number of excellent
presentations in the last two days, mostly from representatives of state and
federal agencies, and native organizations. It has been helpful to learn about
all the relevant research being conducted throughout the Arctic-boreal region,
and to consider how those data-rich resources, including traditional knowledge,
can be brought to bear on topics of interest to ABoVE. Presentations from
native communities have been especially interesting as they bring a unique
perspective to the topic of climate change given their close association with
the environment.</div>
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Our plan in the NGEE Arctic project is to continue our
interaction with NASA and share information derived from our studies on the North
Slope and Seward Peninsula with others on the ABoVE Science Team. Our sponsors
at the Department of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
program are highly supportive of this inter-agency collaboration. We share many
goals and objectives with ABoVE, and it is clear that we have the opportunity to
develop strong and complementary interactions in the coming years.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-90951596298696469722015-11-17T05:54:00.001-08:002015-11-17T05:54:22.110-08:00Another Year Comes to a Close…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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It has been a great year for the NGEE Arctic team. We
travelled to the Seward Peninsula in western Alaska and selected a set of
southern field sites for 2016; we were reviewed by our sponsors at the
Department of Energy and approved for another three years of field, laboratory,
and modeling studies; and as of this week we closed down much of the field
research in Barrow, Alaska.<br />
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I flew into Anchorage last Monday and enjoyed the winter
scenery from my window, before making the additional 3 hour flight north to
Barrow. Bryan and Alex, both from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory joined
me on Tuesday. Knowing that we would have limited daylight and possible cold
temperatures we allocated 5 days to disassembling the NGEE Arctic tram and
transporting other instruments back to Barrow for winter storage.<br />
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<br /></div>
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The bulk of our time was spent taking down the tram which
consisted of removing the instrumented cart along with 65 meters of rail and
supporting posts. Because of its design the tram was quickly disassembled and,
once secured on sleds, everything was transported back to storage facilities in
Barrow. We did the same for instruments on the eddy covariance tower, the
geophysical ERT array, and then miscellaneous bits and pieces of equipment that
we have in the field. This included several solar panels that we use during the
field season to trickle-charge batteries used in the micro-warming experiment.<br />
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An extra day was spent working with Bob Busey back in
Fairbanks to measure data transmission rates from various locations on the
Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) back to computers at the Barrow Arctic
Research Center (BARC). Every year we find ourselves transmitting more and more
data and we want to be sure that we are being efficient in getting data from
the field to investigators at our partner institutions in New York, Nebraska,
and California. We will analyze transmission rates in the weeks to come and
make decisions as to whether we should upgrade wireless capabilities at our field
sites in the spring.<br />
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For now, 2015 comes to a close. I expect to return to
Barrow in January or February and then the larger team will probably return in
April or early May to reinstall the tram and other instruments. Those
activities will mark the beginning of our fifth year of research in the Arctic.<br />
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-20529536188689901862015-10-21T07:53:00.001-07:002015-10-21T07:53:51.727-07:00Another Season Nearly Complete for NGEE Arctic Tram…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Bryan Curtis (LBNL) told me earlier this week that,
according to plan, the NGEE Arctic tram has performed admirably since it went
operational in May, 2015. The automated cart has made hundreds of trips down
the 65 meter track, once every 3 hours in fact, around the clock. During that
time a suite of sensors have monitored albedo, NDVI, and multiple components of
the surface energy balance as snow melted in the spring, low-lying area became
inundated with water, vegetation grew throughout the summer and senesced in
autumn, and then the onset of snow this winter. Throughout this time additional
measurements of soil temperature and moisture, chamber-based and eddy
covariance CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> flux, active layer thickness,
geophysics, and phenology were made either along the tram or within the tram
footprint. The co-location of so many high-resolution measurements, once
analyzed together, should yield an unprecedented dataset to inform scaling and
modeling. The NGEE Arctic team anticipates letting the tram operate for another
few weeks and then disassembling the system in early November.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-81903780768662554602015-10-20T06:18:00.001-07:002015-10-20T06:18:08.640-07:00NEON in the Neighborhood…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) is home to
many research projects. In 2012, NGEE Arctic joined a distinguished list of
projects being funded by multiple state and federal agencies. Now that list
expands to include the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). NEON is sponsored
by the National Science Foundation and is a continental-scale initiative that
provides long-term infrastructure for examining ecological change over time. We
have known for several years that NEON would deploy a monitoring site in Barrow
(and elsewhere in Alaska) and we are finally beginning to see evidence of that
deployment. Monitoring plots have been established, equipment and supplies have
arrived and are being assembled in Barrow, and trail mat is being strategically
placed to support scientists who will be coming and going from the field site
throughout the season.</div>
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Having laid several kilometers of trail mat over the last
4 years, I was intrigued by the sled-based system that NEON personnel have
devised to minimize the physical requirements of laying meter after meter of
walk way. Although I have not seen it in operation, I am told that staff can
connect the trail mat sections while standing up rather than bending or
kneeling down to place and secure cable ties that will hold the sections
together. Pretty creative…</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-21318826759018796302015-10-19T05:39:00.002-07:002015-10-19T05:39:47.971-07:00Raising Temperatures on the Tundra…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The NGEE Arctic project is interested in the fate of
active layer soils and permafrost as it potentially warms in the coming
century. So far, however, few manipulative studies have experimentally
controlled in situ temperatures in the tundra. Intended to address specific
hypotheses, scientists working on the NGEE Arctic project from Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have developed a small linear heater that
once inserted into the active layer can be monitored and controlled to warm
soils and permafrost to 4-5 <sup>o</sup>C above ambient. The approach was
deployed at our Barrow field sites in early 2015 and evaluated throughout the
season. Ori Chaffe and Bryan Curtis are busy this week monitoring system
performance and conducting flux measurements. The team has a lot of data to
analyze, but preliminary results look encouraging both in terms of magnitude of
warming, temperature profiles with depth, and the monitored consequences of
warming for CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> flux.</div>
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Margaret Torn, soil ecologist at LBNL will be talking
about the technique and its impact of greenhouse gas emissions at the fall
meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) in San Francisco, CA.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-48278198931055119942015-10-16T10:26:00.004-07:002015-10-16T10:26:28.920-07:00New Techniques on the Tundra…<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Earlier this summer we featured a short blog on a new
approach to ecosystem warming that was being developed by Keith Lewin and
Alistair Rogers from Brookhaven National Laboratory. Keith and Alistair
recognized the challenges of ecosystem warming experiments in the Arctic given
lack of electrical power and requirements for remote operation. They designed a
zero-power warming (ZPW) chamber that can, using a pair of passively activated
louvers, warm air to 4 <sup>o</sup>C above ambient. One ZPW chamber and a
corresponding control chamber were deployed on the Barrow Environmental
Observatory (BEO) earlier this summer and have successfully operated throughout
the summer, fall, and now into the winter. I have not yet seen all the data
collected on chamber performance, but Alistair and others will be here in a few
days to assess performance and then disassemble chambers for the winter. If the
results look encouraging the ZPW design gives us a viable option for continued
testing and possible deployment of a technique that could help our NGEE Arctic
team better understand growth and physiological acclimation of plants to
warming temperatures. Stay tuned…</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-12083149323069908012015-10-16T05:42:00.001-07:002015-10-16T05:42:32.928-07:00Cores for a Colleague…<br />
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
One of my tasks this week while in Barrow is to collect a
series of soil samples from low- and high-center polygons. A colleague,
Elizabeth Herndon, a former post-doc at ORNL, now Assistant Professor at Kent
State University requested samples of active layer soils for a geochemistry study
that she is doing across a latitudinal transect. My guess is that samples
provided by the NGEE Arctic project represent the northern anchor to that
transect.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
I was glad to help and therefore set about to formulate a
strategy whereby soil cores could be collected from frozen soil using a slide
hammer and a split-core sampler. I organized everything into a small sled and
walked several kilometers with sled in tow to our NGEE Arctic “intensive” field
site on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO). Two or three inches of
fresh snow made this a fairly easy task.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Once representative polygons had been located, cores were
collected from several different micro-topographic positions across the
polygons including centers, rims, and troughs. The cores varied in length from
15 to 30 cm and in composition with generally an organic-rich upper layer and a
deeper layer of mineral soil. There were obvious differences in these
characteristics among micro-topographic positions in the landscape.
Fortunately, the split-core design of the sampler facilitated retrieval of the
soil core and made it fairly easy to visualize the sample and record a quick
characterization into my lab notebook. Photographs were taken of all cores.</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
One interesting observation made while collecting 15 soil
cores was that these active layer soils were freezing from the top, down, and
also from the bottom, up. This is not entirely surprising given the nature of
permafrost, but what it meant for many of the samples is that the middle
portion of the soil core was still thawed. This can lead to a soil appearing
frozen and presumably devoid of biological activity when, in reality, this
layer can be warmer than soils above and below it with maintenance of possible microbial
metabolism into the winter. The question that many scientists are trying to
answer, including those on the NGEE Arctic team, is what significance might
this make to annual carbon budgets of tundra ecosystems and CO<sub>2</sub> and
CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes either during the fall-winter transition or to fluxes in
the early spring? We are currently conducting chamber-based measurements of
carbon fluxes in the field, coupled with controlled freeze-thaw experiments in
the laboratory. What we hope to provide is a multi-scale, quantitative
assessment of this phenomenon and representation of such in models. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
At the end of the day all soil cores were loaded into the
sled and everything was pulled back to the road and a waiting vehicle. The
cores were placed into a freezer at the Barrow Arctic Research Center (BARC)
and will be shipped to Elizabeth in a few days. It will be interested to see
the results of her analysis.</div>
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Stan Wullschlegerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01159821887067405885noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-82336582690587080.post-19933786463201411492015-07-17T00:30:00.001-07:002015-07-17T00:30:44.239-07:00Scaling Plant Traits<div class="MsoNormal">
Current Earth system models represent Arctic plant traits
with a mean value that does not vary with time or space.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We’re working towards approaches that will
provide rich descriptions of plant traits for next generation models that will
enable the representation of spatial and temporal variation in several key model
parameters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To achieve this goal we are building relationships between plant
functional and structural traits and spectral signatures of plant leaves and
canopies so that we can leverage near surface, airborne and ultimately space
borne remotely sensed data to retrieve these plant traits.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We’ve spent the last week working towards that goal.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shawn and Wil have been scanning plant
canopies and Kim and I and been following them around measuring physiological
properties before handing our leaves back to Shawn and Wil for measurement of
leaf level spectra.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We’re hoping to
demonstrate that leaf level relationships between spectra and plant traits
translate to canopy level measurements that can be used to retrieve
physiological properties across time and space and in the near term hope to
apply these relationships to observations from the NGEE-Arctic tram.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEift2GcmVS9rEGgN8EOY0fWKoGTSUqpZPRVuxnHnV6qLHiDYgYeAPf9L6jkpCDENy_W8fMjIbcVl9nsBybAV55N6rrlqFjRY-zsQNkzAh7GWhl6x5CQTznmVv1JzlsWGqjCHqfyCQjw5RdT/s1600/IMG_0865.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEift2GcmVS9rEGgN8EOY0fWKoGTSUqpZPRVuxnHnV6qLHiDYgYeAPf9L6jkpCDENy_W8fMjIbcVl9nsBybAV55N6rrlqFjRY-zsQNkzAh7GWhl6x5CQTznmVv1JzlsWGqjCHqfyCQjw5RdT/s320/IMG_0865.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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Alistair Rogershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03297461203340358462noreply@blogger.com